In this module, we will consider debates about the nature of the self in classical Indian philosophy. We will look at one Buddhist theory of the self. We will then examine some arguments that the non-Buddhists (especially the Nyāya philosophers) gave against this theory. Along the way, we will also discuss some of the questions that these debates raise in epistemology and ethics: for example, whether our memories give us any reason to believe in an enduring self, and whether denying the existence of the self can help us justify altruism.