The module presents microstructural factors that control materials properties and demonstrates tactics for developing such microstructures, including crystal structure, imperfection in solid, point / line / planar/ volume defects, the relationships between materials properties and microstructures, phase equilibria and thermodynamics, phase diagrams, phase transformation, heat treatment, sintering, strengthening, hardening, severe plastic deformation, surface melting techniques, and additive manufacturing. The module emphasizes on engineering materials (including metallic, ceramic, polymer materials and their composites), and provides the guidelines on applying the knowledge of phase transformation for microstructural control with advanced manufacturing technologies, e.g. laser/e-beam surface melting and additive manufacturing, etc..